miércoles, 26 de marzo de 2008

Adiós al cabanyal

Entrarán las excavadoras en el barrio de El Cabanyal de Valencia y llegará hasta el mar la avenida de Blasco Ibáñez. El Ayuntamiento que preside Rita Barberá logrará, así, ejecutar uno de sus proyectos de cabecera. La operación tendrá un precio. No sólo partirá en dos un barrio -lejos de integrarlo en la ciudad, simplemente lo desintegrará- sino que convertirá en escombros edificios singulares, como la Lonja de Pescadores o decenas de viviendas de la calle de Sant Pere, de la calle de la Barraca, de la del Progrés o de Amparo Guillem, reconocidas por ser ejemplos de un modernismo popular que en buena parte trasladaron a sus casas muchos de los que trabajaron con el arquitecto Demetrio Ribes en la construcción de la Estació del Nord de Valencia, inaugurada en 1917. No son las únicas pérdidas de patrimonio que se registrarán.

El Cabanyal es un barrio consolidado, con un tejido social perfectamente identificable, cuya trama urbana y cuya arquitectura han creado un patrimonio sociológico también de indudable valor. La prolongación de la avenida de Blasco Ibáñez supone un ejercicio de "urbanismo sin ética". Así lo definen, por ejemplo, los arquitectos Carlos Meri y Carmen Jordá. No son los únicos. Decenas de profesionales de la arquitectura, como Oriol Bohigas, Vicent Garcia, Marilda Azulay, Vicent Gallard y Luis Francisco Herrero han puesto en duda la idoneidad de una iniciativa que crea un problema donde no lo había y le da una solución traumática.

El Cabanyal, antiguo núcleo de pescadores, forma parte de Els Poblats Marítims. La avenida de Blasco Ibáñez nació de un jardín histórico, el de Viveros, como "avenida de Valencia al mar". Tenía en sus orígenes una amplitud superior a la de la Diagonal de Barcelona y la Castellana de Madrid, y estaba dominada por las áreas dotacionales que conforman los edificios de la Universidad. Entonces, a principios del siglo pasado, la avenida ofrecía una cierta armonía. Sus edificios tenían una altura proporcionada, dos o tres pisos, a la del barrio con el que tenía como objetivo llegar a conectar. Sin embargo, en los años del desarrollismo, irrumpieron en sus aceras torres por decenas a uno y otro lado, lo que rompió visualmente su configuración. ¿Necesitaba o necesita la avenida de Blasco Ibáñez llegar al mar? Carlos Meri, arquitecto que fundamenta sus trabajos en la dimensión humana y en la perspectiva de conjunto -y que reconoce que no siempre las actuaciones urbanísticas cuentan con el apoyo popular ni es siempre la oposición una garantía de acierto-, cree que no. "Si la avenida de Blasco Ibáñez hubiera seguido teniendo el carácter dotacional que tenía, tal vez hubiera tenido sentido. Hoy no lo tiene", prosigue, "Es mucho más importante, para conseguir una integración de los barrios, generar nuevas dinámicas de relación con el conjunto de la ciudad y entre ellos mismos: actuar desde El Saler hasta La Patacona, hacer realidad el conjunto de los Poblados Marítimos, vertebrar desde la calle de la Reina, integrar el puerto, romper barreras que han aislado, como el eje de Serrería, marcado por el tranvía". Su concepto de la arquitectura es más amplio que las piezas singulares. Meri añora los trabajos ligados al urbanismo como práctica sensata de hacer ciudades, rechaza la monumentalidad como signo inequívoco de modernidad y discute el reduccionismo interesado del concepto "patrimonio".

En opinión de Carlos Meri, una pieza como la Lonja de Pescadores, que desaparecerá con la prolongación de Blasco Ibáñez, tiene, aisladamente, un valor relativo, pero ahí donde está, su valor es incalculable, en términos de equipamiento público. "Se podría rehabilitar, podría ser una magnífica escuela, un magnífico hospital", exclama.La Lonja de Pescadores está entre el mar y la calle de Eugenia Vinyes. Su fachada más vistosa, más emblemática, mira a la Plaça dels Homes del Mar. Fue proyectada por Juan Bautista Gosálvez Navarro, a instancias de una sociedad heredera de los antiguos gremios, la Marina Auxiliante. Se inauguró en 1909 y hasta 1936 cumplió su función de lonja de pescadores. Tal como ha recordado el arquitecto Carles Dolç, el edificio fue muchas otras cosas: hospital de heridos de la guerra de Marruecos, bloque de viviendas tras la Guerra Civil... Su planta es de 100 metros de largo por 25 metros de ancho. Se concibió en dos cuerpos longitudinales, con un espacio en medio, para el comercio. Cada uno de esos cuerpos longitudinales tiene dos alturas, y cada una de ellas 20 espacios idénticos. En realidad, cada uno de ellos tenía las características de cualquiera de las casas de dos plantas típicas de El Cabanyal. Se trata de una nave típica de la arquitectura industrial.

La arquitecta Carmen Jordá, con esa imagen en la retina, compara la obcecación por destruir la Lonja de Pescadores con lo que, por ejemplo, ocurre en Londres: "El restaurante más de moda ahora mismo está en una antigua fábrica cuya arquitectura es, también, un ejemplo claro de arquitectura industrial. ¿Qué hacen los alemanes? Recuperar, cuidar esos espacios". Carles Dolç ha definido así el edificio: "Se caracteriza por su racionalidad constructiva, la sobriedad, el escaso protagonismo de la ornamentación, y por el hecho de entroncar perfectamente con la arquitectura y la trama de El Cabanyal. Ahí radica también su interés".

Carlos Meri coincide: "El interés es del conjunto. Si quitas la Lonja de Pescadores, quitas un elemento fundamental para las casas de alrededor. Y sin las casas, la Lonja no tiene tampoco sentido. Es un todo". ¿Se puede eliminar? Poder, responde, se puede. La cuestión es si es lo más adecuado, si es el momento, si soluciona algo, si se puede actuar con una polarización tan extrema de la cuestión. Y su respuesta es no.

Carmen Jordà, miembro del registro ibérico del Docomomo (organismo que asesora a la Unesco en la documentación y conservación de la arquitectura del movimiento moderno) y catedrática de Composición Arquitectónica, se siente "triste e indignada" ante la intervención en el Cabanyal. "Esta ciudad, su visión urbanística, es autodestructiva", afirma. Le cuesta entender que se puedan ignorar, derribar o esconder las decenas de muestras del modernismo popular o industrial que definen El Cabanyal, así como su propia trama urbana en forma de retícula. "Es un modernismo autóctono, singular, digno de ser conservado, protegido, valorado, mostrado, defendido. Pero no. Se pretende hacer lo mismo que con la piscina de Las Arenas, -y no admito que lo que ahora hay se defienda como rehabilitación porque no tiene nada que ver-, o con la fábrica Feicu de Xirivella, que se derribó". Defiende un concepto del patrimonio ligado a la sociología y a la cultura en su más extensiva acepción. "¿Dónde están las ventajas de que hoy, ahora, llegue hasta el mar la avenida de Blasco Ibáñez? ¿A qué precio?". Para Jordá, lo que no tiene precio es un barrio como no hay otro igual, "ni siquiera la Barceloneta, en Barcelona".
Artículo publicado en el periódico el país

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